EntrezGeneSummary | Thisgeneencodestumorproteinp53,whichrespondstodiversecellularstressestoregulatetargetgenesthatinducecellcyclearrest,apoptosis,senescence,DNArepair,orchangesinmetabolism.p53proteinisexpressedatlowlevelinnormalcellsandatahighlevelinavarietyoftransformedcelllines,whereit"sbelievedtocontributetotransformationandmalignancy.p53isaDNA-bindingproteincontainingtranscriptionactivation,DNA-binding,andoligomerizationdomains.Itispostulatedtobindtoap53-bindingsiteandactivateexpressionofdownstreamgenesthatinhibitgrowthand/orinvasion,andthusfunctionasatumorsuppressor.Mutantsofp53thatfrequentlyoccurinanumberofdifferenthumancancersfailtobindtheconsensusDNAbindingsite,andhencecausethelossoftumorsuppressoractivity.Alterationsofthisgeneoccurnotonlyassomaticmutationsinhumanmalignancies,butalsoasgermlinemutationsinsomecancer-pronefamilieswithLi-Fraumenisyndrome.Multiplep53variantsduetoalternativepromotersandmultiplealternativesplicinghavebeenfound.Thesevariantsencodedistinctisoforms,whichcanregulatep53transcriptionalactivity.[providedbyRefSeq].
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UniProtSummary | FUNCTION:Actsasatumorsuppressorinmanytumortypes;inducesgrowtharrestorapoptosisdependingonthephysiologicalcircumstancesandcelltype.Involvedincellcycleregulationasatrans-activatorthatactstonegativelyregulatecelldivisionbycontrollingasetofgenesrequiredforthisprocess.Oneoftheactivatedgenesisaninhibitorofcyclin-dependentkinases.ApoptosisinductionseemstobemediatedeitherbystimulationofBAXandFASantigenexpression,orbyrepressionofBcl-2expression.Ref.48
CofactorBinds1zincionpersubunit.
SUBUNITSTRUCTURE:InteractswithAXIN1.ProbablypartofacomplexconsistingofTP53,HIPK2andAXIN1Bysimilarity.BindsDNAasahomotetramer.InteractswithhistoneacetyltransferasesEP300andmethyltransferasesHRMT1L2andCARM1,andrecruitsthemtopromoters.Invitro,theinteractionofTP53withcancer-associated/HPV(E6)viralproteinsleadstoubiquitinationanddegradationofTP53givingapossIBLemodelforcellgrowthregulation.Thiscomplexformationrequiresanadditionalfactor,E6-AP,whichstablyassociateswithTP53inthepresenceofE6.C-terminusinteractswithTAF1,whenTAF1ispartoftheTFIIDcomplex.InteractswithING4andthisinteractionmaybeindirect.FoundinacomplexwithCABLES1andTP73.InteractswithHIPK1,HIPK2,andP53DINP1.InteractswithWWOX.MayinteractswithHCVcoreprotein.InteractswithUSP7andSYVN1.InteractswithHSP90AB1.InteractswithCHD8,leADIngtorecruithistoneH1andpreventtransactivationactivityBysimilarity.InteractswithARMC10,BANP,CDKN2AIPandE4F1.
SUBCELLULARLOCATION:Cytoplasm.Nucleus.Endoplasmicreticulum.Note=InteractionwithBANPpromotesnuclearlocalization.Ref.51Ref.56
DOMAIN:Thenuclearexportsignalactsasatranscriptionalrepressiondomain.Ref.34
PTM:Acetylated.AcetylationofLys-382byCREBBPenhancestranscriptionalactivity.DeacetylationofLys-382bySIRT1impairsitsabilitytoinduceproapoptoticprogramandmodulatecellsenescence.
PhosphorylationonSerresiduesmediatestranscriptionalactivation.PhosphorylatedbyHIPK1Bysimilarity.PhosphorylationatSer-9byHIPK4increasesrepressionactivityonBIRC5promoter.PhosphorylatedonThr-18byVRK1,whichmaypreventtheinteractionwithMDM2.PhosphorylatedonThr-55byTAF1,whichpromotesMDM2-mediateddegradation.PhosphorylatedonSer-46byHIPK2uponUVirradiation.PhosphorylationonSer-46isrequiredforacetylationbyCREBBP.PhosphorylatedonSer-392followingUVbutnotgammairradiation.PhosphorylateduponDNAdamage,probablybyATMorATR.PhosphorylatedonSer-15uponultravioletirradiation;whichisenhancedbyinteractionwithBANP.
DephosphorylatedbyPP2A.SV40smallTantigeninhibitsthedephosphorylationbytheACformofPP2A.Ref.51Ref.24Ref.26Ref.31Ref.35Ref.36Ref.40Ref.41Ref.49Ref.53Ref.58Ref.59Ref.60
MaybeO-glycosylatedintheC-terminalbasicregion.StudiedinEB-1cellline.Ref.28
UbiquitinatedbySYVN1,whichleadstoproteasomaldegradation.Ref.56
MonomethylatedatLys-372bySETD7,leadingtostabilizeitandincreasetranscriptionalactivation.MonomethylatedatLys-370bySMYD2,leadingtodecreaseDNA-bindingactivityandsubsequenttranscriptionalregulationactivity.Lys-372monomethylationpreventstheinteractionwithSMYD2andsubsequenctmonomethylationatLys-370.Ref.50Ref.54Ref.55
DISEASE:TP53isfoundinincreasedamountsinawidevarietyoftransformedcells.TP53isfrequentlymutatedorinactivatedinabout60%ofcancers.
DefectsinTP53areinvolvedinesophagealsquamouscellcarcinoma(ESCC)[MIM:133239].ESCCisatumoroftheesophagus.
DefectsinTP53areacauseofLi-Fraumenisyndrome(LFS)[MIM:151623].LFSisanautosomaldominantfamilialcancersyndromethatinitsclassicformisdefinedbytheexistenceofaprobandaffectedbyasarcomabefore45yearswithafirstdegreerelativeaffectedbyanytumorbefore45yearsandanotherfirstdegreerelativewithanytumorbefore45yearsorasarcomaatanyage.OtherclinicaldefinitionsforLFShavebeenproposed(Ref.95andRef.98)andcalledLi-Fraumenilikesyndrome(LFL).Inthesefamiliesaffectedrelativesdevelopadiversesetofmalignanciesatunusuallyearlyages.Fourtypesofcancersaccountfor80%oftumorsoccurringinTP53germlinemutationcarriers:breastcancers,softtissueandbonesarcomas,braintumors(astrocytomas)andadrenocorticalcarcinomas.Lessfrequenttumorsincludechoroidplexuscarcinomaorpapillomabeforetheageof15,rhaBDomyosarcomabeforetheageof5,leukemia,Wilmstumor,malignantphyllodestumor,colorectalandgastriccancers.Ref.74Ref.75Ref.76Ref.77Ref.78Ref.97Ref.99Ref.104Ref.105
DefectsinTP53maybeassociatedwithnasopharyngealcarcinoma[MIM:161550];alsoknownasnasopharyngealcancer.
DefectsinTP53arefoundinBarrettmetaplasia;alsoknownasBarrettesophagus.Itisaconditioninwhichthenormallystratifiedsquamousepitheliumoftheloweresophagusisreplacedbyametaplasticcolumnarepithelium.Theconditiondevelopsasacomplicationinapproximately10%ofpatientswithchronicgastroesophagealrefluxdiseaseandpredisposestothedevelopmentofesophagealadenocarcinoma.
DefectsinTP53areinvolvedinheadandnecksquamouscellcarcinomas(HNSCC)[MIM:275355].
DefectsinTP53areinvolvedinoralsquamouscellcarcinoma(OSCC).Cigarettesmokeisaprimemutagenicagentincanceroftheaerodigestivetract.
DefectsinTP53areacauseoflungcancer[MIM:211980].
DefectsinTP53areacauseofchoroidplexuspapilloma[MIM:260500].Choroidplexuspapillomaisaslow-growingbenigntumorofthechoroidplexusthatofteninvadestheleptomeninges.Inchildrenitisusuallyinalateralventriclebutinadultsitismoreofteninthefourthventricle.Hydrocephalusiscommon,eitherfromobstructionorfromtumorsecretionofcerebrospinalfluid.Ifitundergoesmalignanttransformationitiscalledachoroidplexuscarcinoma.Primarychoroidplexustumorsarerareandusuallyoccurinearlychildhood.Ref.108
DefectsinTP53areacauseofoneformofhereditaryadrenocorticalcarcinoma(ADCC)[MIM:202300].ADCCisararechildhoodtumor,representingabout0.4%ofchildhoodtumors,withahighincidenceofassociatedtumors.ADCCoccurswithincreasedfrequencyinpatientswiththeBeckwith-Wiedemannsyndrome[MIM:130650]andisacomponenttumorinLi-Fraumenisyndrome[MIM:151623].Ref.107
SIMILARITY:Belongstothep53family.
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